* {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  box-sizing: border-box
}

h3 {
  margin: 0
}

a {
  text-decoration: none
}

img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto
}

.common-container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  margin-top: 30px;
}

.common-column {
  border-radius: 8px;
}

.common-left, .article-right {
  width: 25%;
}

.common-middle {
  flex: 1;
}

.submission-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  padding: 10px;
}

.submission-links a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--text-theme); /* You already have text color variables */
  font-weight: 400;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.submission-links a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--theme); /* Optional: can stay same or darken slightly */
}

/* Expandable subsection (Preparing your manuscript) */
.submission-section {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 6px;
}

.submission-section-toggle {
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--text-theme);
  margin-top: 10px;
}

.submission-section-toggle:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.submission-sublist {
  display: none; /* Hide by default */
  flex-direction: column;
  padding-left: 15px;
  margin-top: 5px;
}

.submission-sublist a {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

/* When active (visible) */
.submission-sublist.active {
  display: flex;
}

/* Arrow styling for dropdown */
.toggle-arrow {
  margin-right: 5px;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.toggle-arrow.open {
  transform: rotate(90deg);
}

.common-main-title {
  font-size: 1.4rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  margin-top: 30px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.section-title {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.common {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.common a{
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--dark-theme);
}

.common h4 {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.common h5 {
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.common p {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--text-theme);
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.sidebar-links {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  color: var(--text-theme);
}

.sidebar-links a{
  color: var(--text-dark-theme);
}

.sidebar-links a:hover{
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--dark-theme);
}

.sidebar-links p {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--text-theme);
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.view-profile {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  margin-left: 5px;
  color: var(--theme);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.view-profile i {
  margin-right: 5px;
}

.view-profile:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.articles-tabs {
  display: flex;
  gap: 15px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.articles-tabs .tab {
  cursor: pointer;
  color: #444;
}

.articles-tabs .tab.active {
  color: var(--dark-theme);
}

.article-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
}

.article-list li {
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  padding: 15px;
}

.article-list li a {
  color: #000000;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.article-list li a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--dark-theme);
}

.articles-tabs span.active {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--dark-theme);
}

.metrics-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap; /* Responsive */
  gap: 20px; /* Space between the three blocks */
  margin-top: 10px;
}

.metric-section {
  flex: 1; /* Each block takes equal space */
  min-width: 250px; /* Adjust width if needed for mobile */
  background-color: transparent; /* Light background (optional) */
  padding: 15px;
  border-right: 1px solid #ddd; /* Vertical line between blocks */
}

.metric-section:last-child {
  border-right: none; /* Remove right border for last block */
}

.metric-section p {
  margin: 5px 0;
}

@media (max-width: 992px) {
  .common-container {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .common-column {
    width: 100% !important;
    padding-left: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
  }

  .articles-tabs {
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 8px;
  }

  .common-main-title {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 20px;
  }
}

.allarticles {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
margin: 0 auto;
gap: 30px;
}

.featured-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}

.featured-science-box {
  flex: 3;
  height: 20rem; /* Increased height for the T-cell image */
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  position: relative;
  color: #fff;
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

.featured-overlay h2:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.featured-science-box a:link,
.featured-science-box a:active,
.featured-science-box a:visited,
.featured-science-box a:hover {
  color: #ffffff;
  background-color: transparent;
}

.featured-overlay {
  background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0,0,0,0.7), transparent);
  padding: 30px;
  width: 100%;
}

.featured-overlay h6 {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  color: #ececec;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.featured-overlay h2 {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.featured-overlay .author,
.featured-overlay .summary {
  font-size: 0.8rem;
}

/* Responsive stacking on small screens */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .featured-row {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

.articles {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: space-between; /* Ensures space is distributed */
height: 100%; /* Allow all boxes to be equal height */
padding-bottom: 15px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}

.ArticleMeta {
margin-top: auto; /* Pushes it to bottom */
font-size: 0.9rem;
color: #444;
word-break: break-word;
}

.ArticleMeta .p4 {
color: var(--theme);
text-decoration: underline;
}

.article-content {
flex: 1;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: space-between;
}

.ArticleUpper {
width: 100%;
}

.ArticleUpper h5 {
color: #464646;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 0.7rem;
margin-bottom: 6px;
text-transform: uppercase;
}

.article_type {
  color: #ca2015;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.articles .p {
font-size: 0.95rem;
margin-bottom: 10px;
font-weight: 600;
line-height: 1.4;
}

.articles .p:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
}

.articles .p1 {
font-size: 0.625rem;
color: #888;
text-transform: uppercase;
line-height: 1rem;
}

.articles .hr {
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
margin: 10px 0;
}

.articles a:link,
.articles a:active,
.articles a:visited,
.articles a:hover {
  color: #000;
  background-color: transparent;
  text-decoration: none
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
.articles {
  flex-direction: column;
  max-width: 100%;
}

.article-content {
  padding: 16px;
}
}

.newsletter-section {
  padding: 40px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  background-color: #f6efee;
}

.newsletter-section h2 {
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #000;
}

.newsletter-section p {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  color: #111;
}

.cta-button {
  background-color: #1a4caa;
  color: white;
  padding: 12px 24px;
  text-decoration: none;
  border-radius: 25px;
  font-weight: 500;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 1rem;
  transition: background-color 0.3s;
}

.cta-button:hover {
  background-color: #0f3a87;
}

.background-rect {
  background:linear-gradient(to right,#00000000,#5d381800),url('../images/news-highlight.jpg') center/cover no-repeat;
  background-color: #1c1c1c;
  height: 150px;
  position: relative;
}

.white-sq {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  max-width: 1100px;
  margin: -80px auto 10px;
  padding: 30px;
  padding-bottom: 0px;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 10;
}

.journal-content-pair {
  display: flex;
  align-items: stretch;
  gap: 40px;
  flex: 1;
}

.journal-main-cover,
.journal-articles-wrapper {
  height: 100%;
}

.journal-main-cover {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}


.journal-articles-wrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

.journal-heading-bar {
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.journal-heading-bar h2 {
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #222;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  text-align: left;
}

.journal-heading-bar hr {
  border: none;
  height: 1px;
  background-color: #6d6d6d;
  width: 100%;
}

.journal-center-wrapper {
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
}

.journal-display-wrapper {
  max-width: 1200px;
  width: 100%;
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  gap: 40px;
  padding-bottom: 30px;
}

.journal-sidebar {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
}

.thumbnail img {
  width: 60px;
  height: 90px;
  object-fit: cover;
  border: 2px solid transparent;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.thumbnail.selected img {
  border-color: #ca2015;
}

.cover-shadow-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 0;
}

.cover-shadow-wrapper::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: -12px;
  bottom: -12px;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: #cf9611;
  z-index: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.main-cover {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
  display: block;
  width: 220px;
  height: auto;
}

.article-divider {
  border: none;
  border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
  margin: 10px 0;
}

.journal-articles {
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 5px;
  flex: 1;
}

.journal-articles .meta {
  font-size: 14px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  color: #222;
}

.journal-articles .article {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  font-size: 15px;
}

.journal-articles .article-type {
  color: #ca2015;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.journal-articles .authors {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #464646;
}

.journal-articles a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #1c1c1c;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.journal-articles a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.journal-articles-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  padding-bottom: 3rem;
  width: 100%;
}

.view-all-fixed {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
  padding: 10px 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  background-color: white;
  text-align: right;
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.view-all-fixed a {
  color: #ca2015;
  font-size: 14px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

.view-all-fixed a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.view-more1 {
      text-align: right;
    }

    .view-more1 a {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #ca2015;
      font-weight: bold;
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    .view-more1 a:hover {
      text-decoration: underline;
    }

    .news-section {
      padding-bottom: 30px;
    }

    .white-box {
      background-color: #1c1c1c;
      padding: 30px;
      position: relative;
      z-index: 10;
    }

    .header {
      font-weight: bold;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff;
      padding-bottom: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 20px;
      font-size: 1rem;
      color: #fff;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      gap: 20px;
    }

    .card {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: row;
      gap: 8px;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
      padding-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .news-text {
      flex-direction: column;
      padding-left: 10px;
    }

    .news-text .article_type {
      color: #ffd27f;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .card img {
      height: 120px;
      object-fit: cover;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease
    }
    
    .card:hover img {
        transform: scale(1.05);
    }

    .date {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #ffffff;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: bold;
      color: #ffffff;
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    .title:hover {
      text-decoration: underline;
    }

    .view-more {
      text-align: right;
      margin-top: 20px;
    }

    .view-more a {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #ffd27f;
      font-weight: bold;
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    .view-more a:hover {
      text-decoration: underline;
    }

    .podcast-section h2 {
      font-size: 1.2rem;
      margin-bottom: 5px;
      color: #222;
    }

    .podcast-section p {
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      color: #333;
      margin-bottom: 30px;
    }

    .podcast-grid {
      display: flex;
      gap: 20px;
      flex-direction: row;
      padding-bottom: 30px;
    }

    .podcast-card {
      background-color: #fbf5f5;
      padding: 20px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      min-width: 200px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .podcast-card h4 {
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #ca2015;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .podcast-card h3 {
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      font-weight: bold;
      margin-bottom: 15px;
      color: #1c1c1c;
    }
    
    .podcast-card h3:hover {
      text-decoration: underline;
    }
    
    .podcast-card h3 a:link,
    .podcast-card h3 a:active,
    .podcast-card h3 a:visited,
    .podcast-card h3 a:hover {
      color: #1c1c1c;
      background-color: transparent;
    }
    
    .podcast-card span {
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      color: #666;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .explore-card {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 20px;
      background: none;
      text-align: left;
      min-width: 220px;
    }
    
    .search:hover {
        text-decoration: underline !important;
        color: #1c1c1c;
    }

    .explore-card .icon {
      background-color: #ca2015;
      color: white;
      width: 40px;
      height: 40px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 20px;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .explore-card strong {
      font-size: 16px;
      color: #000;
      display: block;
      margin-bottom: 5px;
    }

    .explore-card small {
      color: #444;
      font-size: 13px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      .podcast-grid {
        flex-direction: column;
      }
    }

    @media (max-width: 900px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      }
    }

    @media (max-width: 600px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

/* ========== GLOBAL BREAKPOINTS ========== */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .common-container {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .common-left,
  .article-right,
  .common-middle {
    width: 100% !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
  }

  .featured-row {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .featured-science-box {
    flex: none;
    height: auto;
    min-height: 250px;
  }

  .featured-overlay {
    padding: 20px;
  }

  .articles {
    padding: 15px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
  }

  .articles .p {
    font-size: 1rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
  }

  .articles .p1 {
    font-size: 0.7rem;
  }

  .ArticleUpper h5 {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }

  .article_type {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }

  .article-list li {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    padding: 10px;
  }

  .journal-txt {
    height: auto;
  }

  .journal-txt h2,
  .journal-txt .p1,
  .journal-txt .p2 {
    margin-left: 15px;
    margin-right: 15px;
  }

  .journal-metrics-strip {
    padding: 15px 10px;
    justify-content: center;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
  }

  .metric-section {
    min-width: 150px;
    text-align: center;
    border-right: none;
  }

  .volume {
    width: 100%;
    margin: 10px auto;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .allarticles {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .articleh1 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
  }

  .articlep {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }

  .collections1 {
    flex-direction: column;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
  }

  .collections1 img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0;
  }

  .journal-txt {
    width: 100%;
    border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px;
  }

  .ArticleUpper img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    object-fit: cover;
  }

  .article-list li {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    padding: 10px;
  }

  .article-type,
  .ArticleUpper h5 {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }

  .articles .p1 {
    font-size: 0.6rem;
  }

  .metric-value {
    font-size: 1.4rem;
  }

  .metric-label {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
  }

  .view-insights-link {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  }

  .view-insights-link::after {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .journal-display-wrapper {
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .journal-sidebar {
    flex-direction: row;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 15px;
  }

  .thumbnail img {
    width: 50px;
    height: auto;
  }

  .journal-main-cover {
    display: none;
  }

  .journal-articles-wrapper {
    padding: 0;
  }

  .journal-articles .meta {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
  }

  .journal-articles .article {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
  }

  .journal-articles .article hr {
    margin: 8px 0;
  }

  .view-all-fixed {
    position: static;
    margin-top: 10px;
  }
}